I am a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute. Before joining AEI, I was the principal deputy commissioner and the deputy commissioner for policy at the Social Security Administration. In 2005 I worked at the White House National Economic Council and in 2001 was on the staff of President Bush’s Commission to Strengthen Social Security. In 2013-14 I served as the co-vice chair of the Society of Actuaries Blue Ribbon Panel on public sector pension funding, and in 2014 I was named by Institutional Investor Magazine as one of the 40 most influential people in the retirement world. I have testified before Congress on numerous occasions, and my work has been published in the New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post and elsewhere. I hold a bachelor’s degree from Queen’s University Belfast in Northern Ireland, master’s degrees from Cambridge University and the University of London, and a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics.